Immune evasion is a mechanism that prevents the immune cell-mediated tumor cell lysis and it has become an important research field in various tumor entities in the last few years. This novel therapy differs from conventional chemotherapeutic agents in that it reactivates the immune responses to malignant cells, rather than directly affecting tumor cell growth, pointing out the importance of the TME, especially of immune cells, in tumors. Recently, treatment options for various tumor types have changed tremendously with the development of immunotherapy. All of these components function as critical regulators of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis as well as anti-tumor immune responses. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of immune cells, non-immune stromal cells, and extracellular matrix proteins. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME.
Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis.
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